QUIZ

QUIZ

Question 1: Theileria is a genus of parasitic protozoan that belongs to the phylum........... Question 2: Drug of choice for theileria? Question 3 The vector for Theileria annulata is............ Question 4  East coast fever is caused by......... Question 5 Live vaccine(rakshavac T) available for theileriosis contains........stage. Question 6 Ovine theileriosis is caused by............ Question 7 Rhipicephalus appendiculatus is the vector for...... Question 8 East coast fever is transmitted by........vector.

THEILERIA FELIS

THEILERIA FELIS

• EPIDEMYOLOGY-transmitted to domestic cat by tick bite.caused by cytauxzoon felis.

• SYNONYMS-Theileria felis.
• LOCATION-Merozoites can be found in RBC a typical parasitemias are 1% to 4% of the red blood cells. Due to the fulminant course of disease in the cat, it is more typical to observe the large schizonts in the walls of the venous system in histopathologic sections. Schizonts may also be observed in lymph node and  bone-marrow aspirates.
• Pathogenesis-Abortion or fatal pyrexia, depression, icterus and fever may be present. Lymph node enlarged and reported in rabbit, sheep , goat,  etc. Cause abortion and still births.
• TREATMENT: INJ buparvaquone (Butalex);drug have been shown to be successful in treating theileriosis in cattle. In the regimen employed, the disease still proved fatal. Over a 24 hour period, a cat that presented with a 2-day history of lethargy and anorexia became seriously icteric and had dark brown urine.The cat was treated with a 10 day course of enrofloxacin followed by a 5 day course of tetracycline. Organisms were present in the cat after the ten-day course of enrofloxacin, but were not present in blood samples collected 6 and 15 weeks after discharge. It is not known why this cat survived; enrofloxacin is not known to be effective against protozoa. 
• Most success in treatment has been achieved-diminazine aceturate (BERENIL) and imidocarb. One very ill cat responded rapidly to intravenous fluids, heparin (to treat DIC) enrofloxacin and diminizine aceturate responded well. Diminizine (2mg/kg IM) was repeated weekly for 2 more treatments. Imidocarb dipropionate (5mg/kg IM, twice, 2 weeks apart) has been found to produce a 50% cure rate.

THEILERIA OVIS

THEILERIA OVIS

• This species cause benign theileriosis in sheep and goat in africa,asia including india.

• The erthrocytic and Koch's blue bodies form are similar to T.hirci in shape and size.
• Morphology- Resemble T.hirci, relatively scarce.the schizonts are present only in lymph nodes.
  

  
• LIFE CYCLE-Ticks: Rhipicephalus sp., Dermacenter, Haemaphysalis sp, Ornithodorous.
• PATHOGENESIS-This species is usually Non Pathogenic,The only signs are fever, swelling of lymphnode, anemia, no cross immunity between T. hirci and T.ovis.
• DIAGNOSIS-it is done similar to T.hirci.

THEILERIA HIRCI

THEILERIA HIRCI

• Similar to T.annulata in cattle, but in sheep and goat.
• 50-100% most highly fatal.
• Morphology: Similar to T.annulata, schizogony in lymphocytes of spleen
• Vector : Rhipicephalus bursa
• Infection is mild in young animals
• Acute sub -acute and chronic disease seen
• Emaciation, fever listlessness, atony of rumen, weakness anaemia icterus, haemoglobinuria,swollen lymph nodes,
• Liver and spleen enlarged
• Lung oedematous, infarction in kidney
• Petechiae in abomasum
• Diagnosis by blood smear examination
• Treatment Similar to T.annulata

THEILERIA MUTANS

• Synonym: T.orientalis, T.buffeli, G. mutans, cattle-Beningn Theileriosis- non fatal form in erythrocytes, round, oval, 1-2µm, 55%- round or oval. 
• Schizonts not readily detected, 2-4 parasites in a single RBC can be seen as a result of multiple infection.
• Ticks: R.appendiculatus, R.evertsi, H. bispinosa, H. punctata, stage to stage transmission.
• Pathogenesis: Not so pathogenic,acute form impossible. when exposed to massive parasites,mortality is less than 1%. Signs, course and  lesions are similar to mild .
• T.annulata, anaemia, icterus, lymph node swollen, liver, lungs, swollen infarcts in kidneys, haemoglobinuria absent.
•  T.mutans is reported in Sub -Saharan,transmiited by Amblyomma sp. Benign tumor in  T.orientalis (T.mutans in part,T.sergenti in part). Bacillus thuringiensis in other places it is to be determined, transmission by H.longi- Asia, Australia, H.punctata in Europe.

THEILERIA PARVA

 THEILERIA PARVA

• Synonym: East Coast Fever , Bovine theileriosis, Corridor's disease.
• Animals affected: Cattle, Water  buffalo , Synceres cafer
• Highly fatal encephalitis of cattle in E.Africa known as "Turning  Sickness".

         Morphology

• Piroplasm form 80%- rod shaped. 1.5x0.5-1µm, round, oval comma occur.
• T. lawrenci- 65%- round or oval.

       Life cycle

• Schizogony life cycle occur in reticulo endothelial system--( different from T.annulata) found in spleen, lymph node. Schizonts smaller, circular and irregular.
• Rhipicephalus. appendiculatus, R.evertsi, Hyalomma excavatum, H. dromadarii, H. truncatum- Transtadial transmission.
• PP- 4-12 days, others as previously described .

      Pathogenesis

• Highly pathogenic- 90% die, mortality low in endemic area, calves- 5-50% die.
• Incubation period- 8-24 days.
• Disease runs 4-12 days.
• Acute
•   Fever (107 F). Continue up to or after 7-11 days, other symptoms appear- cessation of rumination, , lachrymation, swelling of lymph node, iris, jowl,ears, tachycardia, general weakness, decrease in milk yield. diarrhoea with blood, marked emaciation, cough, icterus, breathing rapid with dyspnoea at death, oligocythemic anaemia, no haematuria.
• Sub -acute
•  Similar to acute, less severe pronounced-recover but after several days.
• Mild
•   Mild fever, lasting several days, lymph node swelling.

• Leisions: Similar to T.annulata
• Immunity: Recovered animals are solidly immune. Parasites clear up completely. No premunity.
• Diagnosis: Similar to T.annulata
• Treatment: No drug is effective . Same drugs indicated for T.annulata can be used.
• Control: Repeated dipping every 3 days. No cross-immunity.

THEILERIA ANNULATA

THEILERIA ANNULATA

Synonym-Piroplasma annulata,T.dispar,T.sergenty.

Host-Cattle,Buffalo.

Disease-Tropical bovine theileriosis,Tropical piroplasmosis,Egyptian fever,Medicost fever,Maditerrenean fever.

Mortality-10-80%

Morphology

• Forms in bovine RBC is called Merozoites.They are predominently round or oval but rod shape are also present.
• Different forms-round,comma,oval,parashoot,Anaplasma like.

mix infection of theileria and babesia in buffalo

theileria in cattle